- Eighty years after the end of World War II, the movement of looted cultural artifacts remains a contentious issue across Europe.
- Thousands of objects, originally stolen by the Nazis and subsequently taken by soldiers and civilians, are currently in transit or appearing in the market as original owners pass away.
- A significant portion of this looting was orchestrated by high-ranking Nazi officials, specifically Herman Göring, who is estimated to have acquired over 4,000 works of art and decorative objects.
- These items were often intended for a planned museum in Schorfheide, Germany.
Quick Summary
Eighty years after the conclusion of World War II, the illicit trade of looted cultural artifacts continues to impact Europe. Thousands of artworks and cultural objects remain in transit, having been originally expoliated by Hitler and the Nazis, or taken by soldiers and civilians during the conflict. As the original owners and perpetrators pass away, these items are increasingly surfacing in the market.
Historical records highlight the massive scale of the Nazi theft. Herman Göring, Hitler's lieutenant, is estimated to have purchased and plundered 4,263 works, ranging from paintings to furniture. While these items were often destined for a planned museum in Schorfheide, the current geopolitical landscape involves complex disputes over ownership. Specifically, Russia retains thousands of works taken from Poland and has excluded Germany from agreements regarding their return.
The Enduring Legacy of WWII Looting
Despite the passage of eight decades since the end of the war, the movement of stolen cultural property has not ceased. Experts note that tens of thousands of artworks and cultural objects are still circulating through Europe. The majority of these items were originally stolen by Hitler and the Nazi regime, though a portion was taken by opportunistic soldiers and civilians during the chaos of the conflict.
The reappearance of these works is often linked to the natural aging of the illegitimate owners. As these individuals pass away, their collections are entering the open market through auctions and galleries. This phenomenon highlights the lingering, unresolved nature of the war's cultural devastation.
In the old times, the rule was looting. Now the external forms have become more human. Nevertheless, I intend to loot and to do it copiously.— Herman Göring, Nazi Field Marshal
Hermann Göring’s Massive Collection
Among the most prolific thieves of the era was Herman Göring, a German field marshal and Hitler’s second-in-command. Known for his heavy physical stature, Göring was driven by a rapacious appetite for looting in all conquered territories. His interests were broad, encompassing wine, art, and furniture. He openly justified his actions to his peers, stating: "In the old times, the rule was looting. Now the external forms have become more human. Nevertheless, I intend to loot and to do it copiously."
Göring followed through on this intention. It is estimated that he acquired 4,263 works through purchase and plunder between the 1920s and 1945. These items included:
- Paintings
- Sculptures
- Decorative arts
- Furniture and tapestries
Many of these objects were earmarked for a projected museum in Schorfheide, near Berlin, intended to be the 'Galería del Norte de Alemania.' Digital projects by German historical institutions have recently compiled data on this collection, documenting the sheer scale of the theft.
Diplomatic Stalemates and Repatriation
The return of looted art is complicated by ongoing diplomatic tensions. Russia stands as a historical exception, having returned none of the assets seized during the war. To avoid legal claims, Russian authorities rarely exhibit these items publicly, though they remain in state possession indefinitely.
Poland has engaged in years of diplomatic efforts requesting the repatriation of its cultural heritage. These requests specifically target masterpieces by Old Masters such as Dürer, Holbein, and Cranach, as well as manuscripts by Polish writers. However, these appeals have been met with silence. Furthermore, Russia has excluded Germany from relevant agreements, ensuring that the decades to come will likely see little progress in resolving these ownership disputes.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who was responsible for looting thousands of artworks during WWII?
Herman Göring, Hitler's lieutenant, is estimated to have acquired 4,263 works through purchase and plunder.
Which country refuses to return looted art?
Russia has not returned any of the assets taken during the war and excludes Germany from related agreements.
