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Vitória dos EUA na Venezuela levanta dúvidas sobre defesas aéreas russas
Politica

Vitória dos EUA na Venezuela levanta dúvidas sobre defesas aéreas russas

Business Insider1h ago
3 min de leitura
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Fatos Principais

  • A operação dos EUA na Venezuela, conhecida como Operação Resolução Absoluta, envolveu mais de 150 aeronaves em uma missão complexa para capturar o ex-presidente Nicolás Maduro.
  • Forças dos EUA executaram o ataque sem perder uma única aeronave para os sistemas de defesa aérea de fabricação russa e radares de fabricação chinesa da Venezuela.
  • Sete soldados dos EUA ficaram feridos durante a operação, destacando os riscos envolvidos apesar do sucesso geral da missão.
  • As falhas na defesa aérea venezuelana foram atribuídas a problemas como inatividade, incompetência e falta de coesão funcional entre diferentes sistemas.
  • Os radares chineses YJ-27, anunciados como capazes de detectar aeronaves stealth a mais de 150 milhas de distância, pareceram ineficazes durante o ataque dos EUA.
  • Especialistas alertam que, embora a vitória seja significativa, ela pode não refletir com precisão como esses sistemas se comportariam contra seus países de origem, Rússia e China.

Sucesso da Missão em Caracas

Uma grande operação militar dos EUA na Venezuela foi concluída com uma vitória decisiva, capturando o ex-presidente Nicolás Maduro e sua esposa sem perder uma única aeronave para a rede de defesa aérea do país. A missão, conhecida como Operação Resolução Absoluta, envolveu mais de 150 aeronaves e demonstrou um complexo ataque multidominio contra um alvo fortificado.

À medida que as forças de apreensão se aproximavam da instalação militar Fuerte Tiuna em Caracas, as aeronaves dos EUA desmantelaram sistematicamente as defesas aéreas venezuelanas para criar um corredor seguro para helicópteros de baixa altitude. Os planejadores haviam antecipado uma resistência significativa, mas a rede inimiga capitulou sob a pressão avassaladora dos EUA.

O sucesso da operação chamou a atenção de analistas de defesa em todo o mundo, levantando questões sobre a eficácia da tecnologia militar russa e chinesa em cenários de combate do mundo real.

Uma Campanha Aérea Massiva

O ataque foi uma empreitada grande e complexa, envolvendo uma frota diversificada de aeronaves. A força incluía caças stealth F-35 e F-22, jatos F/A-18, aeronaves de ataque eletrônico EA-18, aviões de alerta antecipado aéreo E-2, bombardeiros e vários drones. Essa combinação permitiu uma abordagem em camadas para neutralizar as defesas.

Forças dos EUA empregaram um sofisticado conjunto de ferramentas para desativar as defesas aéreas. As táticas-chave incluíram:

  • Mísseis antirradiação AGM-88 projetados para buscar emissões de radar
  • Interferência eletrônica para perturbar as comunicações e o direcionamento inimigo
  • Ataques coordenados para sobrecarregar as redes defensivas

Apesar do sucesso da missão, houve um custo. Um oficial de defesa confirmou que sete soldados dos EUA ficaram feridos durante o ataque, um lembrete dos perigos inerentes a tais operações.

"Parece que essas defesas aéreas russas não funcionaram tão bem, não é?"

— Pete Hegseth, Secretário de Defesa dos EUA

Falhas Operacionais Venezuelanas

Enquanto o poder de combate dos EUA era significativo, a vitória foi fortemente influenciada por falhas críticas na postura de defesa da própria Venezuela. Mark Cancian, coronel da Marinha aposentado e especialista em defesa do Centro de Estudos Estratégicos e Internacionais, destacou um erro tático gritante.

As tripulações venezuelanas estavam aparentemente despreparadas, pois localizaram muitas posições de defesa aérea no meio de campos em vez de sob camuflagem.

Essa falta de ocultação tornou os sistemas excepcionalmente vulneráveis às forças dos EUA. Agravando ainda mais o problema, relatos indicaram que alguns sistemas de defesa aérea venezuelanos nem estavam conectados aos seus radares quando a potência aérea dos EUA chegou.

Essas deficiências operacionais apontam para problemas mais profundos e de longa data na rede de defesa aérea da Venezuela. Especialistas há muito notam sérios problemas com a manutenção e sustentação de suas defesas aéreas russas e radares chineses, revelando uma lacuna significativa entre o potencial do equipamento e sua prontidão real de campo de batalha.

Avaliando Sistemas Estrangeiros

O desempenho dos sistemas russos e chineses na Venezuela fornece um ponto de dados, mas um que deve ser interpretado com cautela. Antes do ataque, a Venezuela foi avaliada como possuindo um formidável conjunto de equipamentos, incluindo baterias russas S-300VM, sistemas Buk-M2 e lançadores S-125 Pechora-2M, além de radares chineses YJ-27.

A China tem anunciado seus radares YJ-27 como de ponta, afirmando que podem detectar ativos stealth como o F-22 e o F-35 a mais de 150 milhas de distância e são resistentes à interferência. No entanto, neste teste do mundo real, os radares pareceram ser de pouca utilidade.

Os desafios enfrentados pelas forças dos EUA na Venezuela não são isolados. Padrões semelhantes surgiram em outros conflitos:

  • A potência aérea israelense derrotou as defesas aéreas russas no Irã
  • Operações dos EUA atingiram instalações nucleares iranianas sob condições semelhantes
  • Sistemas russos sofreram perdas em combate na Ucrânia, incluindo unidades avançadas S-400

Como enfatizou Michael Sobolik, pesquisador sênior do Hudson Institute, o que importa mais do que as alegações de marketing é como esses sistemas se comportam em conflitos reais.

Os Limites da Lição

O consenso emergente entre os analistas é que essas variantes de exportação podem lidar com ameaças baixas e médias, mas têm dificuldade contra os ataques mais desafiadores de nações como os Estados Unidos e Israel. No entanto, uma ressalva crítica permanece: a potência aérea dos EUA e de aliados ainda não foi testada contra as capacidades completas das redes integradas de defesa aérea russas e chinesas, como seriam implantadas por seus militares de origem.

Houston Cantwell, general de brigada aposentado da Força Aérea dos EUA e especialista no Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies, enfatizou que manter a vantagem tecnológica é primordial. Ele apontou para o F-35 Lightning II como um exemplo-chave.

O F-35 provou repetidamente que dá aos seus combatentes uma vantagem no ar e reduz o risco para o combatente, enquanto fornece mais opções aos tomadores de decisão políticos.

A proficiência contínua na operação e manutenção de aeronaves avançadas deve proporcionar aos EUA uma vantagem de potência aérea sobre as defesas adversárias. No entanto, o grau em que a missão na Venezuela realmente reflete essa vantagem duradoura permanece uma questão em aberto.

Principais Conclusões

O ataque bem-sucedido na Venezuela demonstra a potência das táticas e tecnologias militares modernas dos EUA quando aplicadas contra um adversário menos preparado. Sublinha a importância da prontidão operacional e as vulnerabilidades potenciais do hardware militar de modelo de exportação.

No entanto, a operação também serve como um conto de advertência contra a confiança excessiva. As falhas do militar venezuelano podem ter sido tão decisivas quanto as forças da força dos EUA. À medida que os militares ocidentais analisam essa vitória, eles devem equilibrar a confiança adquirida com a compreensão de que conflitos futuros contra adversários de mesmo nível apresentarão um desafio muito mais formidável.

O caminho a seguir não está em descansar sobre os sucessos recentes, mas em continuar a inovar e manter o treinamento rigoroso e a prontidão que tornaram essa missão possível.

"Parece que essas defesas aéreas russas não funcionaram tão bem, não é?"

— Pete Hegseth, Secretário de Defesa dos EUA

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