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Le Brésil fixe le salaire minimum à 1 621 R$ pour 2026
Economics

Le Brésil fixe le salaire minimum à 1 621 R$ pour 2026

G1 GloboDec 24
3 min de lecture
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Points clés

  • Le président Lula a signé le décret n° 12 797, fixant le salaire minimum à 1 621 R$ pour 2026.
  • La nouvelle valeur représente une augmentation de 103 R$ par rapport au taux actuel de 1 518 R$.
  • L'ajustement est basé sur une inflation de 4,18 % plus une augmentation réelle plafonnée à 2,5 %.
  • L'augmentation devrait ajouter 43,2 milliards de R$ aux dépenses publiques obligatoires en 2026.
  • Environ 59,9 millions de personnes utilisent le salaire minimum comme référence pour leurs revenus.

Résumé rapide

Le gouvernement brésilien a officiellement publié la nouvelle valeur du salaire minimum pour 2026. Le président Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva a signé le décret n° 12 797, établissant le nouveau seuil national à 1 621 R$ à compter du 1er janvier 2026. Le décret a été publié au Journal officiel le 24 décembre 2025.

L'ajustement représente une augmentation de 103 R$ par rapport à la valeur actuelle de 1 518 R$. Les travailleurs recevant le salaire minimum ou des prestations liées à cette valeur, telles que l'assurance-chômage et le Bénéfice de Continuité des Prestations (BPC), recevront le montant ajusté début février. Le calcul de cette augmentation reposait sur le taux d'inflation de 4,18 % mesuré par l'INPC jusqu'en novembre, plus une augmentation réelle de 2,5 %.

Cette politique a un impact économique significatif, servant de référence pour 59,9 millions de personnes. Cependant, l'augmentation affecte également les comptes publics, avec une augmentation estimée à 43,2 milliards de R$ des dépenses obligatoires pour l'année à venir.

Décret officiel et nouvelle valeur

Le Journal officiel a publié le décret n° 12 797 le mercredi 24 décembre. Le document a été signé par le président Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva et autorise officiellement l'ajustement du salaire minimum national.

À compter du 1er janvier 2026, la valeur passera de 1 518 R$ à 1 621 R$. Cela représente une augmentation monétaire de 103 R$. L'ajustement s'applique à tous les travailleurs formels et s'étend à diverses prestations sociales.

Les bénéficiaires verront la nouvelle valeur reflétée dans leurs paiements à partir de début février. Cela inclut :

  • Les travailleurs contractuels percevant le salaire minimum
  • Les bénéficiaires de l'assurance-chômage
  • Les bénéficiaires du Bénéfice de Continuité des Prestations (BPC)

Méthodologie de calcul

La détermination du salaire minimum 2026 a suivi une méthodologie spécifique impliquant des données d'inflation et des limites de croissance économique. Le gouvernement a utilisé l'Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor (INPC) pour mesurer l'inflation.

Si le gouvernement n'avait suivi que la règle constitutionnelle, qui impose un ajustement selon l'inflation, la valeur aurait été d'environ 1 582 R$. Cependant, l'administration actuelle a mis en œuvre une politique d'augmentation du salaire au-delà de l'inflation.

Le calcul a impliqué deux composantes principales :

  1. L'inflation mesurée par l'INPC sur 12 mois jusqu'en novembre (4,18 %).
  2. L'indice de croissance réelle du Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) des deux années précédentes, limité à 2,5 % en raison du cadre budgétaire.

La combinaison de ces facteurs a abouti à la valeur finale de 1 621 R$.

Impact économique et comptes publics

L'ajustement du salaire minimum a un effet profond sur l'économie brésilienne et les finances publiques. Selon des notes techniques du Dieese (Département des statistiques syndicales et des études socio-économiques), le salaire minimum sert de référence pour 59,9 millions de personnes dans le pays.

Si l'augmentation renforce le pouvoir d'achat des travailleurs, elle augmente également les dépenses fédérales. En effet, de nombreuses prestations, telles que les pensions de retraite et l'abono salarial, sont légalement liées à la valeur du salaire minimum.

L'impact budgétaire est substantiel :

  • Pour chaque augmentation de 1 R$ du salaire minimum, les dépenses publiques augmentent d'environ 420 millions de R$ en 2026.
  • L'augmentation totale de 103 R$ correspond à une croissance d'environ 43,2 milliards de R$ des dépenses obligatoires.

Cette augmentation des dépenses obligatoires réduit les ressources disponibles pour les dépenses discrétionnaires du gouvernement, affectant potentiellement les politiques fédérales.

Contexte et comparaison historique

La Constitution mandate que le salaire minimum doit être capable de répondre aux besoins vitaux de base d'un travailleur et de sa famille, y compris le logement, la nourriture, l'éducation et la santé. Elle exige également des ajustements périodiques pour préserver le pouvoir d'achat.

Sous les administrations de Michel Temer et Jair Bolsonaro, l'ajustement suivait strictement la règle de l'inflation, ce qui n'a donné aucun gain réel aux travailleurs. En revanche, l'administration actuelle est revenue à une politique d'appréciation des salaires.

Malgré l'ajustement, le Dieese calcule que le salaire minimum nécessaire pour subvenir à une famille de quatre personnes en novembre de cette année aurait été de 7 067,18 R$, soit 4,66 fois le seuil national actuel. Certains économistes estiment que la dissociation des prestations de sécurité sociale du salaire minimum pourrait aider à contrôler la croissance de la dette publique.

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