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Autonomía del Banco Central: Galípolo firma manifiesto global en medio de la crisis maestra
Economics

Autonomía del Banco Central: Galípolo firma manifiesto global en medio de la crisis maestra

G1 Globo18h ago
3 min de lectura
📋

Hechos Clave

  • Gabriel Galípolo firmó una declaración internacional conjunta con el Banco Central Europeo, el Banco de Inglaterra y el Banco de Pagos Internacionales
  • El manifiesto establece que la independencia del banco central es fundamental para la estabilidad de precios y el bienestar ciudadano bajo el estado de derecho
  • El presidente de la Reserva Federal, Jerome Powell, enfrenta cargos criminales relacionados con su testimonio ante el Senado sobre renovaciones de edificios
  • El Banco Central de Brasil está bajo investigación del TCU por la liquidación "precipitada" presuntamente del Banco Master
  • Los investigadores descubrieron ventas de cartera de crédito por R$12.2 mil millones sospechosas de Master a BRB con posible fraude
  • El TCU y el BC llegaron a un acuerdo para inspecciones específicas sobre el caso del Banco Master

Postura Global por la Independencia

Los bancos centrales de todo el mundo enfrentan un ataque coordinado sin precedentes contra su independencia. En respuesta, las autoridades monetarias de múltiples continentes se han unido detrás de una poderosa declaración de principios.

El presidente del Banco Central de Brasil, Gabriel Galípolo, ha añadido su firma a una declaración internacional histórica que reafirma la autonomía técnica de las instituciones bancarias centrales como el pilar central de la estabilidad económica global. Este movimiento coloca a Brasil firmemente junto a algunas de las autoridades monetarias más respetadas del mundo, incluyendo el Banco Central Europeo, el Banco de Inglaterra y el Banco de Pagos Internacionales.

La publicación del manifiesto llega en un momento de tensión creciente en ambos hemisferios. En Estados Unidos, el presidente Donald Trump ha escalado la presión sobre el presidente de la Reserva Federal, Jerome Powell, para acelerar las reducciones de tasas de interés. En Brasil, el Banco Central enfrenta un intenso escrutinio doméstico sobre su manejo de la liquidación del Banco Master.

El documento "reafirma a autonomía técnica das instituições como pilar central da estabilidade econômica global" (reafirma la autonomía técnica de las instituciones como pilar central de la estabilidad económica global).

Washington bajo Fuego 🔥

El sistema bancario central estadounidense se encuentra en el centro de una tormenta política que ha generado alertas sobre el debilitamiento de las salvaguardas institucionales.

El presidente de la Reserva Federal, Jerome Powell, confirmó el lunes que el Departamento de Justicia ha notificado a la Reserva Federal con citaciones de gran jurado. La acción amenaza con cargos criminales relacionados con el testimonio de Powell ante el Senado entregado el año pasado concerniente a la renovación de edificios históricos de la Reserva Federal.

La respuesta de Powell fue medida pero firme. Enfatizó que aunque ningún individuo, ni siquiera el presidente de la Reserva Federal, está por encima de la ley, el momento y la naturaleza de esta acción deben entenderse dentro del contexto más amplio de la presión gubernamental sostenida.

"Tengo profundo respeto por el Estado de Dereito y la rendición de cuentas en nuestra democracia. Nadie —ciertamente ni el presidente de la FED— está por encima de la ley. Pero esta acción sin precedentes debe verse en el contexto más amplio de las amenazas y la presión continua del gobierno."

El presidente saliente de la Fed, cuyo mandato concluye en mayo, enfrenta una situación que muchos observadores ven como intimidación políticamente motivada diseñada para influir en las decisiones de política monetaria.

"Tengo profundo respeto por el Estado de Derecho y la rendición de cuentas en nuestra democracia. Nadie —ciertamente ni el presidente de la FED— está por encima de la ley. Pero esta acción sin precedentes debe verse en el contexto más amplio de las amenazas y la presión continua del gobierno."

— Jerome Powell, Presidente de la Reserva Federal

Crisis Bancaria en Brasil 🏦

Mientras Galípolo firma manifiestos internacionales, simultáneamente navega una crisis doméstica compleja que ha colocado la toma de decisiones del Banco Central bajo un microscopio.

El Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) ha cuestionado formalmente el manejo del Banco Central sobre la liquidación del Banco Master. El ministro Jonathan de Jesus ha exigido explicaciones sobre las acciones presuntamente "precipitadas" en el cierre del banco y ha impulsado una transparencia sin precedentes en el proceso.

La cronología de eventos revela una maniobra financiera compleja:

  • Noviembre: BC decreta liquidación extrajudicial después de que Fictor Holding presentara propuesta de compra
  • Dos meses antes: BC rechaza adquisición por BRB (Banco de Brasília)
  • La investigación revela ventas de cartera de crédito por R$12.2 mil millones sospechosas
  • BC y Policía Federal descubren posible fraude en transacciones de Master a BRB

La situación escaló esta semana cuando el presidente del TCU, Vital do Rêgo Filho, se reunió directamente con Galípolo. La reunión buscó equilibrar los poderes de supervisión del TCU con la autonomía del Banco Central, particularmente en lo que respecta a las inspecciones técnicas dentro de las instalaciones del BC.

El compromiso alcanzado señala que el Banco Central permitirá inspecciones específicamente relacionadas con el caso del Banco Master, representando una delicada navegación entre la independencia institucional y las demandas de rendición de cuentas.

Los Principios Fundamentales

Bajo las maniobras políticas yace un debate fundamental sobre el papel y la protección de las autoridades monetarias independientes en las democracias modernas.

El manifiesto internacional firmado por Galípolo articula una posición clara: la independencia institucional no es un privilegio sino una necesidad. El documento enfatiza que tal independencia es fundamental para garantizar la estabilidad de precios y el bienestar ciudadano, siempre operando dentro del marco de la transparencia democrática y el estado de derecho.

Este principio enfrenta desafíos desde múltiples direcciones:

  • Presión política para ajustes de política a corto plazo
  • Intervenciones legales que pueden comprometer la autonomía operativa
  • Escrutinio público durante crisis financieras que requieren acción decisiva
  • Desafíos de coordinación internacional en una economía global interconectada

El manifiesto representa una defensa colectiva de estos principios en un momento en que parecen más vulnerables, sugiriendo que la independencia del banco central es cada vez más vista como infraestructura esencial para la estabilidad económica global en lugar de ser meramente un arreglo técnico.

Viendo hacia Adelante

La convergencia de la solidaridad internacional y la crisis doméstica crea un momento pivotal para la banca central en Brasil y más allá.

La firma de Gabriel Galípolo en el manifiesto internacional señala el compromiso de Brasil con los estándares globales de independencia del banco central, incluso mientras negocia el delicado equilibrio entre esa independencia y los requisitos de rendición de cuentas domésticos. El caso del Banco Master por R$12.2 mil millones probablemente servirá como un caso de prueba para cómo las instituciones autónomas pueden mantener credibilidad mientras satisfacen demandas legítimas de supervisión.

Mientras tanto, la situación en Washington continúa deteriorándose, con la situación legal de Powell potencialmente estableciendo un precedente para cómo los actores políticos pueden influir en instituciones supuestamente independientes. La conclusión del mandato de Powell en mayo añade urgencia a estos desarrollos.

Para los mercados globales y los responsables de políticas, la pregunta clave sigue siendo si los principios articulados en el manifiesto internacional pueden resistir las presiones que actualmente pesan sobre los bancos centrales

#G1

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